Participants

Dan O'Neill; Investor Relations; Credo Technology Group Holding Ltd

William Brennan; President, Chief Executive Officer, Director; Credo Technology Group Holding Ltd

Daniel Fleming; Chief Financial Officer; Credo Technology Group Holding Ltd

Toshiya Hari; Analyst; Goldman Sachs

Tore Svanberg; Analyst; Stifel Financial Corp

Suji Desilva; Analyst; Roth Capital Partners LLC

Karl Ackerman; Analyst; BNP Paribas Exane

Thomas O’Malley; Analyst; Barclays Bank PLC

Quinn Bolton; Analyst; Needham & Company LLC

Richard Shannon; Analyst; Craig-Hallum

Presentation

Operator

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. (Operator Instructions). I would now like to turn the conference over to Dan O'Neill. Please go ahead, sir.

Dan O'Neill

Good afternoon. Thank you for joining our earnings call for the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Today, I'm joined by Bill Brennan, Credo's Chief Executive Officer; and Dan Fleming, our Chief Financial Officer.
As a reminder, during the call, we will make certain forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that are discussed in detail in our documents filed with the SEC, which can be found in the Investor Relations section of the company's website.
It's not possible for the company's management to predict all risks nor can the company assess the impact of all factors on this business. For the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
Given these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed during this call may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied. The company undertakes no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this call. to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in the company's expectations except as required by law.
Also during this call, we will refer to certain non-GAAP financial measures which we consider to be important measures of the company's performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are provided in addition to and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial performance prepared in accordance with US GAAP.
A discussion of why we use non-GAAP financial measures and the reconciliations between our GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures is available in the earnings release we issued today, which can be accessed using the Investor Relations portion of our website.
I will now turn the call over to our CEO. Bill?

William Brennan

Welcome to our Q1 fiscal '25, earnings call. I'll start with a review of our Q1 performance and then discuss our future outlook.
Our CFO, Dan Fleming, will then provide detailed Q1 results and share expectations for Q2. For Q1, Credo reported revenue of $59.7 million and non-GAAP gross margin of 62.9%. Our product revenues of $57.3 million were up 30% compared to the prior quarter, establishing a new quarterly record for the company.
Product revenues were driven by rapidly expanding AI deployments. Credo is a pure-play high-speed connectivity company. We deliver a differentiated set of solutions, including active electrical cables or AECs, optical DSPs, line card PHYs, SerDes chiplets and SerDes IP licenses or Ethernet port speeds ranging from 100 gig up to 1.6 terabits per second.
The data center market is dynamic and evolving rapidly, which we believe will create even more opportunities for Credo. Although we are primarily targeting the leading hyperscalers, we are now observing increased spending by the next tier of data center operators.
We see a group of emerging hyperscalers deploying an increasing amount of infrastructure to take advantage of opportunities presented by AI. With these customers, we find we have immediate credibility from our prior success with traditional hyperscalers, and that has indeed helped us to win new programs across our product lines. This is translating to material revenue across several growing customers.
Notably, we expect to see a new 10% customer in Q2. Credo aims to extend its reach into new markets as data rates rise. Later this year, we intend to enter the 64 gig PAM4 PCIe Gen 6 market. offering retimer and ADC solutions that are optimized for signal integrity, latency, power efficiency and cost effectiveness.
Now regarding our AEC product line, during the first quarter, AEC has continued to be our main source of revenue, and we anticipate that ADCs will play a crucial role in driving growth in fiscal '25, and beyond. Today, we're in production with solutions for port speeds up to 800 gig, and we expect to deliver power optimized three-nanometer products in 2025, for the 1.6 port market.
We've delivered AECs in a wide variety of form factors and with a range of functionality designed to meet the diverse needs of our customers. We think our approach of offering system-level products blending customized hardware and software with fast turnaround time is crucial to maintaining our competitive edge.
And as a result, we've developed deep relationships with our customers to deliver very innovative AD solutions. Based on these customer relationships, market feedback and the inherent advantages of AECs compared to alternative solutions, we have seen AECs become the de facto solution for in-rack connectivity at 50 gig per line speeds and above.
In addition, increasing rack power densities and the migration to liquid cooling are effectively reducing the physical length required for back-end network connections, and thereby increasing the opportunity for AECs.
During Q1, our existing and new customer relationships continue to expand and develop providing us with more confidence in the growth prospects of our AEC business going forward. Given that, we continue to expect our ramp of AECs to drive an inflection point in our sequential growth in the back half of fiscal '25.
Now I'll turn to our optical DSP business. I'm pleased to report we're making continued progress with our optical DSP business on multiple fronts. With AI deployments accelerating adoption of Credo solutions.
Our optical module customers shipped AOCs and transceivers based on credo DSPs to both US and International end customers. Based on Q1 results and our outlook, we remain on track to achieve our goal for optical DSPs to be at least 10% of our fiscal '25 revenue.
Beyond our existing production programs, we remain excited about future growth prospects in this category for several reasons. We are currently working with numerous optical module manufacturers to develop AOCs and transceivers and notably, we've secured our first design win with an industry-leading module manufacturer.
Last fall, Credo introduced the concept of LRO or linear receive optics which maintains a DSP only in the transmit path of an optical module as an innovative way to reduce power in both 800-gig and 1.6T optics. The LRO concept is increasingly being adopted within the industry and a new hyperscaler has decided to implement this strategy in their architecture.
This application will target 800-gig module power of less than 10 watts, significantly below the typical 15 watts seen with full DSP architectures. We expect to start seeing LRO deployments in calendar '25. At 800 gig and 1.6 port speeds, we see energy efficiency becoming a more critical factor as power delivery and cooling infrastructure becomes even more challenging.
Notably, power efficiency drove our decision to move directly to three- nanometer for Credo's 1.6 DSPs, and we plan to tape out power optimized solutions with both full DSP and LRO options later this calendar year. Taking into account customer feedback and rising momentum, we anticipate sustained growth in our optical business.
Now regarding our Line Card PHY business. In the first quarter, our Line Card PHY business was once again an important contributor to our overall product revenue growth. driven by strong contributions from 400-gig and 800-gig solutions.
Our line card PHYs revenue comes from retimer and MACsec encryption products for port speeds up to 1.6 terabits per second. In this segment, our customers include networking OEMs for traditional switching applications and more recently, server ODMs for emerging AI appliance applications.
We see new demand for our line card PHY solutions within Ethernet-based AI appliances for scale-out networks as rapidly increasing GPU performance places greater signal integrity demands inside the server. These emerging opportunities combined with traditional switch opportunities should lead to TAM growth into the future for our Line Card PHY solutions.
Lastly, I'll review our SerDes licensing and chiplet businesses, we continue to make progress with customers and expand our funnel within our SerDes IP licensing and chiplet businesses. For fiscal '25, while we continue to expect quarterly variability due to the nature of revenue recognition, we see growth opportunities driven by a combination of license, royalty and chiplet revenues.
With connectivity speeds rising fueled mainly by the needs of AI applications, Credo is poised for future growth. We offer a wide range of SerDes solutions up to 224 gig speeds in a wide range of process geometries from 28-nanometer to 3-nanometer. We continue to win due to our compelling combination of performance, power and exceptional technical support.
To summarize, I'm very pleased with our team's performance in Q1. And specifically in terms of the strong execution of our product ramp and our ongoing success engaging with customers. The rise of generative AI is driving greater demand for cutting-edge, power-efficient, high-speed connectivity solutions, and Credo is dedicated to advancing our range of solutions to address this growing demand.
This month, Credo will have a strong presence at the CIOE optical conference in Shenzhen, followed by the ECOC optical conference in Germany. We expect these events will add to the momentum we've built since OFC in March. And next month, we'll be very visible at the OCP conference in Silicon Valley showcasing a wide array of advanced solutions for AI clusters.
Moving forward, we continue to see an inflection point in the second half of fiscal '25, driven by existing and new customer engagements across the entire range of our connectivity solutions.
I'll now turn the call over to our CFO, Dan Fleming, and he will provide additional details.

Daniel Fleming

Thank you, Bill, and good afternoon. I will first review our Q1 results and then discuss our outlook for Q2 of fiscal year '25.
In Q1, we reported revenue of $59.7 million, down 2% sequentially and up 70% year-over-year. Our IP business generated $2.4 million of revenue in Q1, down 14% year-over-year. IP remains a strategic part of our business.
But as a reminder, our IP results may vary from quarter-to-quarter driven largely by specific deliverables to pre-existing or new contracts. While the mix of IP and product revenue will vary in any given quarter over time, our revenue mix in Q1 was 4% IP below our long-term expectation for IP, which remains 10% to 15% of revenue.
Our product business generated $57.3 million of revenue in Q1, up 30% sequentially and up 77% year-over-year. Our product business, excluding product engineering services, generated a record $53.8 million of revenue in Q1, 21% higher than our previous product record and up 32% sequentially.
Our top two end customers were each greater than 10% of revenue in Q1. Our team delivered Q1 non-GAAP gross margin of 62.9% and just below the low end of our guidance range and down 323 basis points sequentially as a result of the lower IP contribution in the quarter.
Our IP non-GAAP gross margin generally hovers near 100%, and was 96.8% in Q1. Our product non-GAAP gross margin was 61.5% in the quarter. up 784 basis points sequentially and up 472 basis points year-over-year, primarily due to increasing scale.
Total non-GAAP operating expenses in the first quarter were $35.4 million, below the midpoint of our guidance range and up 8% sequentially due to a 14th week in the quarter. Our non-GAAP operating income was $2.2 million in Q1 compared to non-GAAP operating income of $7.5 million last quarter.
Our non-GAAP operating margin was 3.7% in the quarter compared to a non-GAAP operating margin of 12.3% last quarter, a sequential decrease of 8.6 percentage points. We reported non-GAAP net income of $7 million in Q1 compared to non-GAAP net income of $11.8 million last quarter. Cash flow used in operations in the first quarter was $7.2 million, down sequentially primarily due to changes in working capital, driven by a ramp in product shipments.
CapEx was $5.9 million in the quarter driven by R&D equipment spending. And free cash flow was negative $13.1 million, a decrease of $32.4 million year-over-year. We ended the quarter with cash and equivalents of $398.6 million, a decrease of $11.4 million from the fourth quarter.
We remain well capitalized to continue investing in our growth opportunities while maintaining a substantial cash buffer. Our Q1 ending inventory was $31.6 million, up $5.7 million sequentially.
Now turning to our guidance. We currently expect revenue in Q2 of fiscal '25, to be between $65 million and $68 million, up 11% sequentially at the midpoint. We expect Q2 non-GAAP gross margin to be within a range of 62% to 64%. We expect Q2 non-GAAP operating expenses to be between $36 million and $38 million. And we expect Q2 diluted weighted average share count to be approximately 182 million shares.
As we move forward through fiscal year '25, we continue to expect sequential growth to accelerate in the second half of the year. We expect non-GAAP operating expenses to grow at half the rate of top line growth. And as a result, we look forward to driving operating leverage throughout the year.
And with that, I will open it up for questions.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Toshiya Hari, Goldman Sachs.

Toshiya Hari

My first question is on the AEC business and how we should be thinking about the acceleration in growth you guys spoke to as it pertains to the second half. Bill, I think on past calls, you've talked about your second customer ramping in the AEC space and your engagements with additional customers in that space as well.
Can you kind of speak to the key drivers that you see contributing to the acceleration in growth in the second half of the year? And how you're thinking about your AUC opportunity outside of in-rack connectivity as you move into calendar '25 and '26?

William Brennan

Sure. So I'll start with -- I think we're pretty happy with the fact that AEC adoption is continuing pretty broadly. It has really become a de facto standard for the lengths that we address, which is primarily in rack at this point. but may expand to track five to seven-meter cables in the future as we see rack densities increasing.
So as that happens, typically, connections that were made with 10-meter to 20-meter optical solutions can now be made with five to seven-meter AEC solutions. So we do see broad adoption continuing, and it's really with US hyperscalers, global hyperscalers, what we introduced a new term with emerging hyperscalers as well as service providers.
So I think as we stand right now, we're really well positioned to see future growth with both 400-gig and 800-gig AEC solutions that are in development now engagements with customers. And in the future, as there's a move towards 1.6, I think we'll be in a really good position to address that market, especially because we'll really bring much differentiated power compared to competitors.
I will say that as Ethernet back-end networks are becoming more mainstream, we're seeing a focus shift within our customer base to really network quality. And it's important to point out, when they have a single hardware failure or a link cap, it can cost 30 minutes productivity and really cost them tens of thousands of dollars.
And so if they look at the Pareto of things that would make their clusters more efficient, having solutions that have really high reliability is becoming really a primary objective. And so when we think about ADCs would have been time before failure of 100 million hours in better rates of five orders or more better than IEEE requirements.
And the fact that we've had billions of operating -- billions of operating hours that will be flatless in a sense. There's really what we see is a shifting priority to move to these solutions, to move these active copper solutions.
And so to further that, as I mentioned before, the I think there's a desire to even figure out networking topologies that allow them to make a portion of the back-end network connections with longer five to seven-meter ADCs that span two to three racks.
And ultimately, I think we see this really driving an uplift in the AEC market and an expansion of the TAM long term. I hope that gives you color, we're quite bullish on this space.

Toshiya Hari

Yeah. That's really helpful. And then as a quick follow-up on the optical DSP side of your portfolio. It's really nice to hear the customer traction. I think you guys reiterated that for fiscal '25, it should be more than 10% or at least 10% of your business.
Longer term, given your current engagements, the customer back and forth are having, what are your market share aspirations in this business? I know you're playing the role of disruptor, but curious how you're thinking about your market presence over time.
And then within the context of LROs, I think on the last call, you talked about $1.60 potentially being a catalyst for increased adoption. Is that still the case? And if so, is that pretty much a '25, '26 dynamic?

William Brennan

So I'll say that we're quite happy with the optical DSP business. We are on track to achieve a goal that you reiterated, which is 10% or higher. Our fiscal '25, revenue. For sure, we're building momentum. When we think about our position in the market today, there are more than 2 million modules with accretive DSPs that have been deployed in data centers.
And this fiscal year, we'll ship more units than we've shipped in all previous years combined. So there is real momentum that is building. We've got programs identified that will drive sustained fast growth in fiscal '26, and beyond. And the bottom line is, as we sit here today, we've got a compelling set of solutions of 50-gig and 100-gig per lane ultimately measured by signal integrity, power and cost.
So I think that the stage is set for there to be continued momentum that Credo builds in this market. From a market share standpoint, we're still small and rising. And the bottom line is it's one design at the time, converting one customer at a time is really the focus.
And as I mentioned earlier, we feel very, very good about engaging in a first program, and it will lead to multiple programs with a module manufacturer that's previously been considered a lock for the incumbent DSP competitor. The competitive landscape is shifting.
And the bottom line, as we look towards the 1.6 market, we're going to deliver both full DSP and LRO solutions the key here for us is to deliver kind of a new definition of what competitive is for power. We believe we're going to deliver a full DSP solution that's on the order of half the power of the devices that have been introduced into the market really almost prematurely in a sense that the power is so high in comparison to what the optical launch market is looking for.
And so we're agnostic as it relates to full DSP and LRO. The bottom line is we'll deliver a full DSP at the 1.6 speed that ultimately is in the 10-watt range or less. And that will enable any optical player to actually build standard OSFP or QSFP-DD and fit within the power ceiling there.
We'll offer options with LRO to take it even further down from an energy efficiency standpoint. So we'll ultimately let our customers make that decision.

Toshiya Hari

Thank you.

Operator

Tore Svanberg, Stifel Nicolas and Company.

Tore Svanberg

Yes. Thank you. Bill, you just said something that I called my attention. You said you're going to ship more DSPs in fiscal '25, than all previous years. I mean, obviously, that includes the AEC business. But can you just elaborate a little bit on that because that seems like a pretty high number?

William Brennan

Yeah, the reference was not really in regards to ADCs. This is really in reference to our optical DSP business. And so I will say that we continue to be engaged with first US hyperscaler in production as well as we see a return to spending in the international space as well.
And so I think that -- from our perspective, that's no surprise. I think we've alluded to the ramp that's going to take place in this fiscal year. And I think we're well positioned to continue that in fiscal '26.

Tore Svanberg

Got it. My second question is, you mentioned penetration or entrance into the PCI retimer market. Could you just talk a little bit about why now? I mean, clearly, this is a market that's been around for a few years, but it seems to be expanding. So help us understand a little bit the timing entering this market? And when should we expect some early revenues for Credo in this market?

William Brennan

Yeah. So I think that we've talked about the intent to enter the PCIe market, specifically at the Gen 6 speed, which is 64 gig PAM4 we opted not to pursue the Gen 5 market, and we probably made a bad call on that. But we felt like from a SD standpoint that entering the market at 64-gig will enable us to deliver the same kind of compelling benefits that we brought to Ethernet and really specifically the 50-gig and 100-gig level.
And so when we talk about Signal Integrity, we talked about energy efficiency talk about having the lowest cost basis of any competitor in the market. And really with PCIe, there's an opportunity here from a latency standpoint and a DSP architecture standpoint for us to really be differentiated as well in a sense of having a SerDes that's a full-blown DSP with latency numbers that are much lower than competitive solutions that have been announced.
And so we think the timing is right. I'll also mention that you'll see us enter the market and then accelerate the market to Gen 7. We've already got 128 gig silicon that has been tested by a lead partner in the market. And so as we see AI driving the demand for higher and higher bandwidth, this is something we'll really lean into PCIe.

Operator

Suji Desilva, ROTH Capital.

Suji Desilva

Hi, Bill. Hi, Dan. In terms of the customer concentration, you talked about a new expected 10% customer in F 2Q. I just wanted to get a sense if that customer is kind of starting from the ground floor in F 1Q or whether it's been a gradual growth. I just to understand the contribution from that new ramp?

William Brennan

Yeah, sure. This is not a new customer. This is a customer that we've worked with for going on a couple of years now. And so we've seen that they've been really receptive to the solutions that we're delivering. And as their spending plan has increased, we've seen them become a much more significant customer for us.
But yeah, they've been a customer in the past. But we're encouraged by the fact that this would be one that we would consider an emerging hyperscaler. And we've talked about in the past how the market really driven by AI solutions starting to look like more than just the top five US hyperscalers.
And so I think this is like a first mover of the emerging hyperscalers. But we've been in a good position and we're in a good position with others as well from the standpoint that they've adopted an architecture that deploys ADCs.

Suji Desilva

Okay. Bill, good to hear the customer base diversifying. And then you talked a little bit about the opportunity as racks densify, if you would, and being able to handle closer racks and shorter reach. Can you just give us some sense of metrics and kind of the cooling technology, maybe the hopper to black well transition that makes that possible and some of the metrics to think about in terms of how the TAM increases for you guys?

William Brennan

Yeah. Sure. I think we've all seen what leading edge solutions look like and the increase in densities that you're seeing just with that transition that you mentioned. But I think from our perspective, this is really going to be a customer-by-customer architecture decision.
But theoretically, we could see the channel expanding within a customer if they deploy a solution that implement direct to rack ADCs, we can see a doubling in TAM easily when we look at it from that perspective.

Operator

Matt Ramsay, TD Cowen.

It's actually Sean [Alahli] on here for Matt, and he sends his regards, but we'll get to that later. I wanted to ask a quick question on the optical DSP sort of product engagement. You mentioned the module maker, which sounds like a really positive momentum there.
But is this my naivety or should I be surprised that there's not more sort of connectivity between you guys and the hyperscaler customers themselves on the optical DSP solutions given you have the relationships at the AEC level, and it's such an important power level conversation. Is there any engagement on the hyperscaler side that's kind of helping you maybe get pulled into some of these module maker designs?

William Brennan

Absolutely. Yeah, we've talked about this in the past that this is a market that's a bit unique in a sense that if you only engage with the optical module manufacturers, you really aren't guaranteed anything. And so we've had a multiyear effort in working directly with hyperscalers, and we've been successful with some of them and even doing a joint development program where they specify the DSP that is to be used.
But this is really an ongoing effort it's really a three-party conversation between hyperscalers, module makers and credo. And so that's very much part of our strategy. And from the standpoint of breaking it down actually on a weekly basis internally, we break it down per hyperscaler as it matches up with module makers. So it's is a very focused strategy that we've got.

Got you. That's really helpful. And then just one clarification on the IP license revenue. I think last quarter, you had mentioned that you expected that to come in sort of at the higher end of the long-term or the long-term model, but license revenue obviously is lumpy and came in a little lower this quarter. Is that still your expectation for the full year? Or are we just thinking about it incorrectly?

Daniel Fleming

Yeah. For the full year, our expectation hasn't changed. So we expect it to be in that long-term range of 10% to 15% for the full year. And you're right in that it was lighter than expected at only 4%. And as the quarter evolved, it was offset by strong turns bookings within the quarter. to offset the lightness.
But you're thinking about it right. As you say, it's very hard to -- it's hard for us to forecast IP in 90-day increments, but we do have confidence over a longer period of time by fiscal year '25, that will be within that range of 10% to 15%.

Operator

Karl Ackerman, BNP Paribas.

Karl Ackerman

First off, I wanted to discuss how active couple cables have received a lot of attention recently which use a redriver instead of retimer that's used in active electrical cables. Each, of course, has their own trade-offs. But do you view these applications catalystic to each other?
Or is the market opportunity for passive copper cable is large enough for both applications. And as you address that question, how am I using an AEC with a half time DSP improve the powering cost between perhaps active electrical and active copper cables. And I have a follow-up. Thank you.

William Brennan

Yeah. So we see the market for passive copper as well as what you referred to as active or ACC or what we refer to as amplified solutions. We see the market for both of those not being big, long term. As it relates to some of the references in the market to ACC.
I think that's really been driven by NVIDIA's strategy. And so it's really not something that I would say is a broad market type of opportunity. And even with the introductions that they've made in the past three to six months, I think it's questionable as to what role ACCs will play or amplified solutions will play. The key is that we don't see anybody in kind of the rest of the market. meaning hyperscalers that are looking at building their own ecosystems. We don't see really anybody considering those solutions.
And the reason is because really not following industry standards at this point. And so when we talk about interoperability and we talk about basically things like signal integrity, having the AEC or the fully retimed fully equalized solution, that's really the way you deliver the kind of the kind of interoperability, the performance that would be expected.
And so that's where we really haven't seen any competition and that's globally really, especially at the 100 gig per lane level. As it gets to 200 gig per lane, 1.6, I think it plays even a smaller role. And that I think generally in the market, the game is over. fully retimed AECs are really the choice by the broad market.
And when I refer to the fact, that's really the only solution that's being considered by many of the customers that we talk to. And so we can kind of go down the path of doing LRO for AECs that has not really been a priority for the customer base just because the power levels we're delivering are meeting the objectives. But the opportunity would exist in the future if that becomes a priority amongst our customers.

Karl Ackerman

Yeah. Very clear. I wanted to focus back on licensing revenue. I know it's hard to predict, but is there a seasonality component to the consumer USB licensing revenue? And I guess more importantly, has your view changed at all on the licensing revenue being towards the 10% to 15% of your fiscal year revenue in fiscal '25, and perhaps obviously look for fiscal '26.

Daniel Fleming

I would say we've not witnessed any sort of seasonality with IP revenue. In fact, if you look at the last five quarters, it goes each quarter is quite different than the last in terms of revenue mix or revenue contribution in total.
So it's really difficult to draw too many conclusions from that. Again, we as we've said in the past, we view IP as a very strategic imperative for us where we're not were not incentivized to chase low-value deals. We want to make sure that we get a good ROI on all the IP that we sell, and we win where power tends to be an overriding future that's required in a solution.
So it's tough to predict quarter-to-quarter, as we all know, longer term, we stated 10% to 15%. We think that will be that way this year. Next year, we haven't talked about, but I would expect that would be the case as well. Longer term, when we're talking about much bigger shipments to customers with products, ultimately, that will probably -- we'll reset that expectation probably lower in the future, maybe FY '27 and beyond.

Operator

Thomas O'Malley, Barclays.

Thomas O’Malley

This one is for Dan. I just want to be a little bit more specific on a question that's kind of come up a couple of times here. So in the July quarter, product came in much better and licensing came in much lower. Could you just describe first what drove that product uptick? And also, if you look at the gross margins, they were much better as well. I know you said volume on the call, but I'd be surprised if volume drove all of that.
And then -- looking into the October quarter guidance, like is your assumption that IP goes back to that kind of $10 million a quarter range just because that obviously matters for what product does in a quarter. I think that's what people are trying to figure out. So both of those would be super helpful.

Daniel Fleming

Yeah. So as far as product being a little stronger than normal, it's ordinary that we have some amount of turns bookings, so they came in stronger than we would have expected entering the quarter. So -- and there's nothing really unanticipated or to talk about in terms of what it was versus what we've already talked about.
Our largest AEC hyperscale customer contributed very significantly to the quarter. And we expect them to really drive the ramp throughout the fiscal year. So maybe I could talk about gross margin impact as well since you mentioned that expansion of gross margin at the product level.
So that's kind of -- from my perspective, that's one of the really the headlines for Q1 are one of the key takeaways. If you look at product gross margin excluding product engineering services, it was up over 900 basis points sequentially to 59.6%.
So recall, though, for last quarter, we had mentioned that we had some onetime reserves in our Q4 number. So that lowered the product gross margin in Q4 a bit. But we're very happy in Q1 with the excellent progress we've made toward our long-term gross margin expectation of 63% to 65%, which has not changed. So -- and as I've mentioned in the past, our long-term model, that you saw for the IP portion being 10% to 15% versus product, that means the product gross margin used to be right around 60%.
So we're -- in Q1, we were already in that same ZIP code. So throughout FY '25, we expect to see some quarterly fluctuations you might see. But it really is -- it's driven by scale. There's, of course, some product mix impact as well. But the overarching impact of improving margins this year thematically is improving scale. And was the sequential increase from Q4 to Q1 in terms of product shipments. So you do gain a lot of scale in that when that occurs.

Thomas O’Malley

And then just the second part about your expectations embedded in the guidance. You're kind of saying 10% to 15% for the year still obviously lighter in Q1, so you would expect some acceleration. But just what is your expectation for October?

Daniel Fleming

Yeah. So for October for IP, you might expect it to be a slightly larger contributor to revenue than it was in terms of revenue mix than Q1. But as you saw in Q1, one of the important takeaways is in order to achieve our gross margin targets that we set out in Q2, we don't need an oversized contribution of IP that's not critical for us to achieve the gross margin goals. We expect IP to contribute modestly more to our revenue mix in the quarter Q2 than it did in Q1.

Operator

Quinn Bolton, Needham.

Quinn Bolton

Congratulations on the nice results and outlook. I guess, Dan, maybe to beat on the gross margin here a little bit. would you expect product margins to decline in the October quarter? Because I'm struggling to sort of see why margins wouldn't be at least at the high end of your 62% to 64% range if product gross margin is flat and IP is a slightly higher percentage of the mix in the October quarter?

Daniel Fleming

It's -- I understand where you're coming at for that question. The one thing I'll say is everything is not always linear for us. We had quite a big step-up in gross margin percentage in Q1. We've proven over the course of time, it's not always linear.
We don't have a specific expectation that it will decline or decline by much. But we remain over -- our overarching theme is to remain conservative in the way we look at things and guide things. So Hopefully, that helps you a little bit.

Quinn Bolton

Got it. Yeah, that does. And then just wanted to come back to the license and IP. I think in the script, you mentioned royalty as part of that IP business and I know you had a big consumer license a few years ago that wondering if you could just give us any update on specific royalties that you're looking for as part of that IP revenue stream?
Does royalty become something to call out here at some point over the next year or so? Or do you think most of that IP is from straight licensing of your SerDes like it's been historically?

William Brennan

I think you're right on with the assumptions you're making on the royalty and as it relates to our USB customer. We think that as we think about things going forward, we don't think that's going to be a part of the business that the -- that we look at as kind of material in comparison to licensing revenues themselves.
So we think that the weighting is going to still stay the same in a sense that the bulk of the revenues in this category will come from licenses.

Operator

Richard Shannon, Craig-Hallum.

Richard Shannon

Maybe a very quick two-parter for Dan here. You called out record product revenues, a record in couplers, but I don't think it was an ACs. Can you declare whether you had a record AC quarter? And then also can you give us the percentages of the two 10% customers as well.

Daniel Fleming

Yeah. So we did have record product revenue. We don't break out by product line, but you can safely assume that AEC is a large driver of our story for the full year. So that was the most significant [inaudible] turning to 10% customers.
We had two 10% end customers in Q1, which I have mentioned in they were, in fact, our first two hyperscalers at [inaudible] when our QS file in a day or so. You'll see that our first AEC hyperscale customer remained a 10% customer during Q1 right at 10%. And the second AEC hyperscale customer was our largest customer at -- so we expect that second AEC hyperscaler to continue their meaningful ramp throughout fiscal '25, as we talked about.
Of course, it might not always be a linear ramp. But as Bill mentioned earlier, we expect a new 10% customer in Q2. So even with a meaningful ramp at our second AEC hyperscaler, we expect significant revenue diversification from both a customer and product perspective throughout or throughout the fiscal year as that plays out.

Richard Shannon

Okay. Great. And I'll follow up with a question for Bill here. Bill, I'd probably tighten incorrectly here in response to an earlier question here, but you talked about some next-gen AI clusters and racks here kind of moving away from, I think, if I caught you correctly, optics and moving towards the active copper in some manner here.
Maybe you could just maybe delve into that a little bit more? And maybe also comment on whether you think that is a dynamic that can sustain for more than one generation of systems, I can go two or three generations, my suspicion is not, but I'd love to get your comments on that.

William Brennan

Absolutely. And so when we -- when we work with our customers more and more and really listen to their challenges, one of the big things that stands out is just the quality of ACs compared to solutions that are laser-based optics.
And again, get back to this link flap phenomenon has seen that been seen in clusters, and it's becoming more and more of a topic in the industry. Just to reiterate, if you've got a single connection that fails. And even if it flaps, it just goes down and it comes back up, it can shut down the entire cluster for up to 30 minutes and ultimately measured in dollar terms. $30,000 to $50,000. And so if you have three to five of these episodes per day, it becomes something that you really want to pay attention to.
And so as we as we work with customers, more and more, the focus is becoming on network quality and when we think about ADCs, they just don't have Link labs like laser-based optics have. And so it's -- it's absolutely something that will benefit the AEC TAM long term.
And so you've got this other factor that's happening where racks are being built in a much more dense fashion. So now there becomes a possibility to network and really connect racks and lean on the very high-quality reliability of AEC products.
And so moving to an architecture where they're connecting not just in the rack, but rack to rack, and we're really talking five to seven meters. We're seeing much more activity along these lines. And so again, it's a customer-by-customer driven architecture objective.
But this is something that we see that definitely is encouraging as it relates to kind of a new factor that is driving demand in this direction. I will say that in addition to what we're doing with our AEC family. We're also looking at other system-level solutions that, quite frankly, helped to address some of these areas of feedback that we're hearing.
And so our experience in the AC market has taught us a huge amount about these challenges, and we see potential to use this knowledge in the optical space. specifically to enhance AI cluster performance and energy efficiency.
And so we've -- you've seen innovations from Credo along the lines of LRO that was specifically for power, but there's other things that we're working on to help improve network quality. And that's not something I'm going to the details about, but within the next, say, nine to 12 months, we'll probably talk more about it as we deliver these solutions to the market.

Operator

Tore Svanberg, Stifel Nicolas and Company.

Tore Svanberg

I just had two follow-ups. Bill, as we sort of look at the second half of fiscal '25, the ramps that you're expecting, could you talk a little bit about how broad those ramps are, I'm not talking about by customer here, but I'm thinking more about the different AEC form factors and especially when considering the 400-gig AI AEC back-end network solution that you have been sampling in the last few quarters.

William Brennan

Sure. So I guess that would relate to our business with Amazon. And we feel good about where we are in the ramp there. As we've said previously, their ramp is expected to drive a significant portion of our growth this year. Dan alluded to the fact that we don't expect it to be a linear ramp quarter-to-quarter, but we do expect them to be our largest customer.
With that said, we see increasing demand across the board for our solutions and really from a range of customers that we feel good about in a sense that it will drive diversity over the upcoming quarters through the end of this year and even into fiscal '26.
So as we've talked about before, we see Microsoft returning to historical levels. We've talked about a third hyperscaler. That relationship is really progressing, and we expect that they will become a significant customer and really towards the tail end of just the real tail end of fiscal '25, but really into fiscal '26.
We've mentioned ADCs continue to gain traction broadly. Optical is going to contribute to that inflection point this year and into '26 as we see that continuing as our fastest growth product line. Even the other product categories, we haven't really spent too much time talking about like Line Card PHYs or series chiplets, in licensing, it's expected that they're going to be a material contributor in our second half and into fiscal '26.
And so that really gives you color near term. A lot of the fund that we have in Credo is talking about things that are really outside the topic of these calls, which is really very near-term focused on fiscal '25. We have a lot of fun talking about next-generation solutions that we're developing.
There's a lot of energy that we've got around PCIe Gen 6 and Gen 7 and exactly how are we going to add our unique and compelling value to that market. And this idea of continuing to innovate at the system level is something that we're highly engaged on internally at Credo.
We've had just great experience in the markets that we've pioneered and we're going to continue that. And we expect to really bring meaningful and compelling solutions to the market at again, the system level.

Tore Svanberg

That's very helpful. Just last question for Dan. Dan, you said that OpEx would grow at half the rate of revenue growth. Is that a specific sort of target for fiscal '25? Or was that more a reference to sort of your long-term financial model?

Daniel Fleming

It's related to fiscal '25. And in fact, I mean, it's even embedded in our Q2 guide, right? Revenue at the midpoint is up 11%. Gross margin flat OpEx up 5%. So we expect that year-over-year, fiscal '24 to '25, that will be the case, and it will extend probably into fiscal '26 as well as we attain kind of that long-term operating model. We're -- our operating margin should be in the 30% to 35% range next fiscal year.

Operator

Thank you. And there are no further questions at this time. Mr. Brennan, I turn the call back over to you.

William Brennan

Absolutely. Thanks, everybody, for joining. We really appreciate the questions, and we look forward to the call backs. Thanks.

Operator

And with that, this concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect. Everyone, have a great day.